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cell surface receptor
(詳細はintegral membrane proteins which communicate signals between the cell and the outside world. Extracellular molecules such as: hormones; neurotransmitters; cytokines; growth factors; cell recognition molecules; nutrients; or waste products; all react with the archetypical receptor to induce changes in the metabolism and activity of a cell. The process is referred to as signal transduction: in which ligand binding affects a cascading chemical change through the cell membrane. In this way, surface receptors act as triggers of cellular communication and signal transduction.
== Structure and mechanism ==
Transmembrane receptors are typically classified based on their tertiary structure. But, if the three-dimensional structure is yet undiscovered, then they can be classified based on experimentally verifiable membrane topology. The simplest polypeptide chains are found to cross the lipid bilayer once; while others, such as the G-protein coupled receptors, cross as many as seven times. There are various kinds, such as glycoprotein and lipoprotein. Hundreds of different receptors are known and many more have yet to be studied. Many membrane receptors include transmembrane proteins. Each cell membrane can have several kinds of membrane receptor, in varying surface distribution. A specific receptor may also be differently distributed on different membrane surfaces, depending on the membrane sort and cell function. Since receptors usually cluster on the membrane surface, the placement of every receptor on each membrane surface is heterogeneous.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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